Meningococcal disease is an infection caused by the Neisseria meningitidis. It is transmitted from person to person through respiratory secretions. Neisseria meningitidis often live in the upper respiratory tract without causing any visible signs of the disease. Some event is thought to trigger the onset of aggressive behavior of the bacteria, and sporadic cases of meningococcal meningitis and meningococcemia appear. Neisseria meningitidis is encapsulated gram-negative diplococcus, and the causative agent of meningococcemia. Other risk factors include lack of immunoglobulins, asplenia, and HIV infection.
Symptoms
According to research, these are typical symptoms of infection. Not all of these symptoms will appear, and not necessarily in this order. Every child with purpuric rash and high fever should be treated as meningococcemia - until proven otherwise.
* Rash, pinpoint red spots (petechiae)
* High fever
* Severe headache
* Severe malaise
Treatment
Immediate treatment of a suspected case of meningococcemia begins with antibiotics that work against the organism. Possible choices include penicillin G, ceftriaxone (Rocephin), cefotaxime (Claforan), or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra). If the patient is diagnosed in a doctor's office, antibiotics should be given immediately if possible, even before transfer to the hospital and even if cultures cannot be obtained before treatment. The treatment is carried out by the antibiotics. Penicillin G aqueous may be given to both children and adults. Chloramphenicol can be given in case of penicillin allergy. Intensive supportive care is required for patients with fulminant meningococcemia. Avoid helpful when limb amputation can be salvaged. Poor tissue perfusion can also lead to complications that require a dental extraction of teeth affected. Plaquettaire replacement may be needed if bleeding disorders develop.
Prevention
Prophylaxis (preventive antibiotics) for family members and contacts are often recommended. Speak with your health care provider about this option.
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